As the growth of the number of elderly increase, so does the need for Essay

As the growth of the number of elderly increase, so does the need for Licensed Practical Nurses - Essay Example (U.S.) and Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010, p.423) which assert that â€Å"employment of LPNs is expected to grow by 21 percent between 2008 and 2018†¦in response to the long-term care needs of an increasingly elderly population†. This is because the elderly have greater chances of getting injuries, illnesses and other diseases because of which they need twenty four hour care that is only possible in nursing homes. Also, the trend of moving the elderly to nursing homes is increasing because they often need full time care if they are suffering from disorders like Alzheimer’s disease due to which their attendance at home is not possible. So, adult children find it feasible to move their elderly parents to nursing homes and the trend is increasing due to which there will be need for more LPNs in future. Since, the nursing homes can provide them with high quality healthcare services which help the elderly to live longer and stay healthy, thus their demand is rising re sulting in good job prospects for LPNs especially in rural areas. In early times, the proportion of the elderly population was relatively low due to which the dependent older people were looked after at home.

Hard times Coursework Essay Example for Free

Hard times Coursework Essay The comparison between employer and employee is stressed every time Bounderby meets Stephen Blackpool and the comparison can be clearly seen, as when Bounderby and Blackpool are at the table, Bounderbys half is full of silver china and saucers, while Blackpools is empty, this shows the power balance between the two-i. e. all the power is in Bounderbys hands, as is the wealth and the control. Blackpools word is rarely trusted by those in power over Bounderbys and they are so very different in almost all respects, with Bounderbys life taking its own cource with his allegiance with Gradgrind in Parliament, while Blackpool only has Rachel caring for him, as compared to the city he is another nobody down on his luck. The story also shows family bonds through difficult situations, with the major family scenario of the Gradgrinds the son and daughter are raised by their father in a factual heartless way, even though he does not realise this, he does go on to realise his mistake, with the mother of the family disabled and unable to move around due to sickness, being manipulated by everyone who walks by, as she has no dominance over anything indeed, and her character suggests she agrees with her husband on the factual upbringing of their children, and also shows the strains the family goes through after Louisa marries Mr Bounderby, and Tom gets involved in the bank robbery, and the family has to somehow try to bounce back, but does not manage to succeed with only a neutral ending The other families mentioned are the bond of father and child in Cissy Jupes Tale, the Man and wife in Blackpools unhappy marriage, and the twist in the story with Mr Bounderbys mother appearing and explaining his upbringing Language Dickens uses a variety of techniques in hard times, mostly descriptive; giving a chance of detail good enough to imagine it, but for everyones imagination to be different, repetition gets across the steely characters characteristics   For Louisa he uses a simple vocabulary, using childly words and simple phrases meant with good intention on her behalf, with no academical subtext or complicated phrases, showing that shes a good and kind hearted person, but also slightly dim compared to the other main characters The language of Mr Gradgrind is always very well developed, and while the descriptions of him make us see a rigid robot like figure, he does speak intellectually throughout the story Mr Bounderby however is much more rigid in his language and expresses his thoughts using whats a fact instead of whats humane, and this always puts him in a negative light, he may have been born upside down where he would have always had such views, and always acted on factual or instinct data to prove his point The language of tom and Louisa has two stages during the story, at first they talk in only facts, with little feeling or emotion in their words, but occasionally while in private they speak out freely, or as freely as they can, but in the presence of others they stick to their blank expressions and factual sentences During toms elder years he begins to talk more like his father, with a free stroke in his speech and has retained some independence while still being accepted by his father and friends Louisa in her elder years changes little to her younger equivalent and stays rigid and factual, showing a feeling of repressed anger inside her Mrs Gradgrind is a poorly woman and her language reflects that, being incomplete, with words missing from sentences and grammatical errors if not for which she would sound like Mr Gradgrind, but throughout her brief appearances she keeps her grumbling simple and unimportant The language used by Blitzer is the product of Mrs Gradgrind and Bounderbys teachings and shows the heartless product of their ideal. in the end they both regret their schooling of Blitzer and realise their wrong, but only too late for some The other controversial language used is that of Mr Sleary the Circus leader, who uses a range of bizarre phrases in between his sentences and makes his appearance misunderstood and diverse compared to the other characters Conclusion So in conclusion with my previous statements, as listed above, the novel Hard times has a monotone view of Victorian society With all characters at a set point being either extremely good or eminently bad, in character and in appearance, much of which suggests that the focus of the story is based solemnly on interaction between characters, and no room for backdrops has been spared from steel bins burning in the winter cold, glum industrial streets and houses varying from basic to lavish all showing the contrast between the rich striving to change society the poor striving to stay out of trouble, and those who strive to be rich

Peer to Peer Piracy and the Film Industry Essays -- Exploratory Essays

Peer to Peer Piracy and the Film Industry Introduction Each day an estimated 400,000 films exchange hands through the Internet. Movie piracy, once reserved to pirate syndicates and illegal duplication factories, has become a common staple among college students with high-speed internet access. With advanced compression technology, movie files can be transferred across continents in hours and across campus networks in under ten minutes. File-sharing is seen as a victimless crime, but the motion picture industry is expected to lose $3.5 billion this year alone due to piracy. Pirate activities undermine every aspect of the legitimate filmmaking business since legitimate retailers cannot possibly compete fairly with pirate business. Therefore, piracy negatively affects all aspects of film-making including the studios that invest in the film, the distributors, the retailers and foreign and local filmmakers. Economic Impact Intellectual property (TV programs, movies, etc†¦) is an incredible source of growth for the American economy. Intellectual property is not only America’s largest trade export, but it is creating new jobs at triple the rate of the rest of the economy, and is responsible for more than five percent of the GDP. The movie industry alone has a surplus balance of trade, something no other American company can lay claim to. Moviemaking is a risky business, for it is not always profitable. Only one in ten films ever recovers its initial investment from theatrical exhibition. In fact, four out of ten movies never recoup the original investment. In 2000, the average studio film cost had a total cost of over $80 million per film. No other industry in the world risks that much capital to make, finance, produce ... ...ue entertainment in a lawful environment. The attitude of entitlement that many internet users exhibit with regard to internet piracy must stop. The movie industry will not suffer the pillaging that has been inflicted on the music industry by casual pirates. New efforts to prevent piracy are currently being undertaken and they include research to new technologies to prevent piracy and copying, strengthening laws to inflict harsher penalties for copyright infringement, and educating the public about why copyright protection is imperative to economic growth and the negative effects that file-sharing has on the American consumer. Works Cited Valenti, Jack. Thoughts on the Digital Future of Movies, The Threat of Piracy, The Hope of Redemption. Motion Picture Association of American Press Release. 30 Sep. 2003

Amistad: Natural Law vs. Positive Law Essay

Throughout the movie Amistad, directed by Steven Spielberg, conflict between Natural Law and Positive Law appears to be an underlying theme. The story is of a group of African slaves that effected a mutiny on their slave ship. After killing many Spaniards, the African slaves were then captured and put on trial. The story is based on a historical trial which took place in the United States during the years of 1939-1940. This trial ultimately became a very tricky political game between the North and South of the United States over the case of slavery, as well as an international issue between the U.S and Spain. The main question being posed throughout the movie is, were the slaves justified in their actions, and should they have been rewarded or punished for their actions? When referring to the two philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Plato, it is evident to see that both believed the slaves actions were in fact justified, however, and both believed they should not have been rewarded. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes, born April 5th 1588, was a strong believer in positive law. The definition of positive law is the theory that law is a body of rules formulated by the state, and that citizens are obligated to obey the law for the good of the state as a whole. (Alexandrowicz et al., 617) Thomas Hobbes believed people were naturally war-like and evil, (77) and also believed that all men were created equally; it is because of this equality that conflict would constantly occur because of the human properties of competition, diffidence, and glory. (Stanford University) These three factors are evidently found throughout the primary actions of the slaves in Amistad. Initially, Cinque, the main character of the movie, breaks lose from his slave chains and initiates fighting and chaos between the Africans and Spaniards. In Thomas Hobbes mind, he would justify Cinques actions as a man in competition with the men around him, which is one of his described war-like qualities. An example of diffidence can be seen when Cinques face reveals a sense of shock and anguish after he steps back and looks at what he had done to the Spanish man. And finally, a sense of glory is seen when Cinque slowly raises the sword out of the mans chest, leaving him with his last breath. Although Hobbes would believe that the slaves actions were in fact justified, he would also believe that they should be punished for what they have done. Again, it all goes back to positive law  Hobbes believed that since people are war-like and evil, law should be set in order to rule over evil and maintain law and order in society. Since Cinque and the slaves acted on their war-like, evil qualities, in Thomas Hobbes mind, they should be punished. Opposite to the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes, another philosopher named Plato believed very strongly in the philosophy of Natural law. Natural law is the theory that human laws are derived from eternal and unchangeable principles that regulate the natural world and that people can become aware of these laws through the use of reason. (Alexandrowicz et al., 617) Opposing Hobbes, Plato believed that people are naturally born as good people. He believed that God gave us the ability to make good decisions and gave us instincts to live our life with. All men are by nature equal, made of all the same earth by one working man (www.publicquotes.com) This famous quote by Plato is a perfect example to describe why Cinque and the slaves acted in violence, and why they are in fact justified in their actions. Cinque and the slaves recognized that all individuals are equal and therefore, no one person has control over anothers life. Once the slaves saw the treacherous pain their fellow friends were going through, they resorted to their God-given survival instincts. Although Plato, like Hobbes, would agree that what Cinque and the slaves did was in fact justified, Plato would ultimately believe the slaves should be punished for their actions. Plato, who was a student of Socrates, believed that each person is to do what is right and avoid what is wrong. Even though the slaves were in a life threatening situation, the law is still the law, and should be followed inevitably. When comparing and contrasting Thomas Hobbes and Plato, it is evident to see that both would in fact feel the slaves had a justifiable reason for their actions, however, the motives as to why are contradictory to one another. Thomas Hobbes believed that since all humans are born evil, it is simply in their nature to act out in such violence. Whereas Plato believed that all humans are born good and have God-given instincts; the slaves defended themselves using their survival instincts. On the other hand, a comparison between the two is also evident. The reasoning as to why both believed the slaves should be punished has the same underlying principle; the law. Both  believed that laws are created to maintain order in society, and refusal to obey the law would both ultimately end with consequence. Steven Spielbergs Amistad is an excellent representation of the many ways the law can be interpreted. Thomas Hobbes believed all law and justice is based on the fact that people are born evil, while Plato believed that humans are born naturally good and laws are created by the use of reason. Natural law and Positive law are two very diverse views, which in the case of Amistad contain one crucial similarity; the importance of following the law. Both philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Plato evidently believe Cinque and the slaves actions were in fact justified, however, deserved punishment. Works Cited 1) Alexandrowicz, George et al.. Dimensions of Law. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications Ltd., 2004. 2) Stanford University. Hobbes Moral and Political Philosophy Feb 12, 2002. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral (march 29,2008). 3) Public Quotes. Quote: God is truth and light his shadow http://publicquotes.com/quote/7118/god-is-truth-and-light-his-shadow.html (March 29, 2008).

Cybercrime and Privacy – Essay

A sense of privacy leads to a false sense of security, consequently resulting in putting personal information and property at risk. Cybernetics's look for flaws in people's security. Even with laws passed to enhance the security of the internet, people who are uninformed about the miniscule amount of privacy that they have might still put personal information online that could lead to their identity being stolen. According to a study by Javelin Strategy & Research, In 2011 alone, 11. 6 million adults fell victim to Identity theft, one of the ajar cybercafà ©s.To prevent mistakes In security, one must know what the mistakes are. One of the biggest mistakes Is exposing one's computer to viruses. Cybernetics's can access Information on a computer If It Is not protected. It Is not wise to keep passwords on a computer connected to the internet. Another mistake is giving personal information such as your name, social security number, credit card information, etcetera to someone over e-mai l. Even something as simple as putting the name of someone's cat on Faceable or Twitter can compromise their ID if they eave used the common question â€Å"What is the name of your pet? As a security question. Buying items online with an account that is linked to a personal or life savings account is dangerous. Protecting one's information is very important. Along with knowing the mistakes, individuals must also employ safeguards to protect themselves against cybernetics's. Run virus scans often to look for anomalous software that Is accessing personal Information. Protect against cyber thieves by setting up a firewall. Keep password complex 6. Use credit card with small limit. 8. Treat info like cash 10.Check your bank accounts and credit reports A simple password protecting private information is like a safe with a tin foil lock. Although piracy, or illegally downloading material, is a cybercafà ©, the focus of Internet laws must be put on more major crimes. Illegally downloadin g computer material is the equivalent of petty theft when compared to the more serious cybercafà ©s. Some might argue that piracy is a serious crime. The major cybercafà ©s are ID theft, wire fraud, computer fraud, and money laundering where there are serious damages and attention significant personal loss to the victim or victims.Even though privacy may be lost, these major criminals must be found and prosecuted. Some people find It hard to define cybercafà ©, It Is important to understand the different types of crimes that can be linked to computers, for example, hacking Into a telephone company to enjoy free telephone calls is a type of computer crime and pirating software is computer systems, particularly computer banking systems, so attractive for legitimate purposes, that is, security, efficiency, make them attractive for illegitimate purposes such as money laundering.According to sources in US, the internet has impacted upon criminal or harmful activity in three ways; firs t, the internet has become a vehicle for communications which sustain existing patterns of harmful activity, such as drug trafficking, hate speech, stalking and so on. The Internet circulates information about how to bypass the security devices in mobile telephones or television decoders.The practice cybercafà © is not so much different from that of conventional crime as both include conduct which causes breach of rules of law and fought by the punishment from the state. Current definitions of Cybercafà © have evolved and of course differ depending on the viewpoint of the observer ‘protector/ and victim. But the definition is broader including activities such as fraud, unauthorized access, child pornography, and cyber-stalking.Cybercafà © is a subcategory of computer crime and it refers to criminal offenses committed using the internet or another computer network as a component of the crime. Cybercafà © is a crime related to technology, computers and the internet and it co ncerns governments, industries and citizens worldwide where cyber crime takes the form f either piracy, appearing (obtaining free telephone calls), cabinetmaking, subdirectories and copyrightable. Cybercafà ©s are now much easier to commit.The higher rate of attacks indicates that cybercafà ©s can now be performed by those in the general public, without any insider knowledge. At the same time, dependence on computers has reduced the ability to prevent cybercafà ©s, because crimes can now no longer be detected as easily, and even when detected they are difficult to stop. Cybercafà © causes billions of dollars in losses every year; a great cost to society. This conclusion raises further questions about how much of this crime could be prevented.At what point to corporations decide that it is more profitable to invest in security than to suffer losses? Are the methods of sighting cybercafà © of this kind, as covered in this essay, enough? As of now, the answer is no. As cybercafà © becomes more widespread, affects a larger number of people, and causes larger amounts of damage, it is important to investigate ways of dealing with it, ways of reducing the risk of it, and ways of preventing it.

Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Example

Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Example Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Policies and Procedures in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Essay Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 1 Running head: Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 2 One of the most serious obstacles that long- term care facilities face with their residents is the development of pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers, or bed sores, occur when pressure is applied to areas of the body causing skin breakdown. Most pressure ulcers develop over bony prominences, where friction and shearing force combine with pressure to breakdown skin and underlying tissues (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010, p. 1). † Pressure ulcers may occur when great force for a short period or less force over a long period impairs circulation to an area of skin. This process obstructs capillary blood flow which deprives the tissues of oxygen and nutrients. The results are ischemic lesions and tissue necrosis which can lead to serious infection. Common areas that pressure ulcers occur are on the coccyx, sacrum, greater trochanters, vertebrae, scapulae, elbows, knees, and heels. Patients who are bedridden or have impaired mobility are at great risk for pressure ulcer development (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010). Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins (2010) state that the prevention of pressure ulcers includes relieving pressure, improving circulation, and providing adequate nutrition. Prevention also includes managing diseases such as vascular disorders and diabetes. Vascular disorders can impair circulation and uncontrolled diabetes can promote infection. The prevention of pressure ulcers begins with an accurate assessment. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (2007) categorizes pressure ulcers into six stages that include: suspected deep tissue injury, stage I, stage II, stage III, stage IV, and unstageable pressure ulcers. Suspected deep tissue injury occurs when underlying soft tissue is damaged by pressure or shearing. The appearance is described as a localized area that is urple, Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 3 maroon, or presents a blood filled blister on intact skin. A stage I pressure ulcer occurs over localized, intact skin that is red and nonblanchable. Stage II ulcers are characterized by partial-thickness loss of the dermis that is broken with a shallow, open ulcer that has a reddish-pink wound bed. These ulcers can be intact or open serum-filled blisters. Stage III ulcers have similar characteristics as stage II ulcers. However, subcutaneous fat may be seen in the wound bed. This represents full-thickness tissue loss. Undermining or tunneling may be present at this stage. Stage IV pressure ulcers progress through subcutaneous fat exposing muscle, tendons, or bone. Slough or eschar may be present in the wound bed. Undermining and tunneling are common in this stage. An unstageable ulcer occurs when the base of the ulcer is covered by slough, eschar, or both. Unless the slough and eschar are removed, the depth of the ulcer is unknown. For this reason, the ulcer is unstageable. Prevention is the key to avoiding extensive treatment and complications. At McCauley Sanctuary, a long- term care facility in Muskegon, preventative tools such as the Braden scale are used during an assessment. The Braden scale is a reliable instrument used to measure a patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers. There are six areas that are assessed: sensory perception, skin moisture, physical activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction and shear. Each area produces 1-4 points, depending on the description that fits the patient. After the six area assessment, the points are tallied. The lower the points, the greater the risk is for the patient to develop pressure ulcers. The Braden Scale is useful in developing the patient’s plan of care. When a patient is at risk for pressure ulcers, a plan of care may include frequent repositioning to decrease pressure. It may also include the use of special equipment to reduce Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 4 pressure intensity (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2010). At McCauley Sanctuary, every patient has a 4† thick mattress overlay to reduce pressure intensity. They are also anti-microbial, which discourages infection. I noticed that every wheelchair had a thick foam cushion as well. Bolster pillows and regular pillows are used to reposition patients and relieve pressure from bony prominences. I had the duty of showering a patient on my first day of clinical. After her shower, I was instructed to apply a moisturizing cream to her sacrum, coccyx, and any other areas that showed signs of skin breakdown. The use of special equipment that reduce pressure and cream that is used on patients are examples of how McCauley Sanctuary complies with preventative measures. The patient I worked with did not require repositioning since her mobility was only slightly limited. Upon request I was given a handout of the clinic guidelines entitled Pressure Ulcer Prevention. The policy stated to turn and reposition a patient with impaired mobility every 1-2 hours. It also advised lifting the patient, with assistance, instead of sliding them. This is because sliding increases friction and shear which can contribute to the development of pressure ulcers. This handout was supported by EBP articles from the Journal of Advanced Nursing and the Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. It also included EBP provided by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. I have read and studied information regarding pressure ulcers, but being at McCauley allowed me to apply assessment skills and prevention of pressure ulcer development. I am a hands-on learner and being able to actually see prevention and care plan implementation has made learning and retaining this information easier. I am very grateful that I had this Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 5 opportunity provided to me by Grand Rapids Community College, Pilgrim Manor, and the patients I provided care to. Procedures and Policies in Preventing Pressure Ulcers 6 References Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. (2010). Pressure ulcer prevention. Retrieved on July 15, 2010 from nursingprocedures. net/lnp/form/printPage. jsp National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. (2007). Pressure ulcer stages revised by NPUAP. Retrieved on February 19, 2011from npuap. org/pr2. htm

Overview of Atlantic Spotted Dolphin

Overview of Atlantic Spotted Dolphin Atlantic spotted dolphins are active dolphins found in the Atlantic Ocean. These dolphins are distinctive for their spotted coloration, which is present only in adults.   Fast Facts About the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin   Atlantic spotted dolphins are 5-7.5 feet longThey weigh 220-315 poundsThey are often seen in the Bahamas and other warm parts of the Atlantic Ocean Identification Atlantic spotted dolphins have a beautiful spotted coloration that gets darker as the dolphin ages.  Adults have dark spots while calves and juveniles have dark gray backs, lighter gray sides, and a white underside.   These dolphins have a prominent, white-tipped beak, stout bodies, and a prominent dorsal fin.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: Gnathostomata, TetrapodaClass: MammaliaSubclass: TheriaOrder: CetartiodactylaSuborder: CetancodontaInfraorder: CetaceaSuborder: OdontocetiSuperfamily: OdontocetiFamily: DelphinidaeGenus: StenellaSpecies: frontalis Habitat and Distribution Atlantic spotted dolphins are found in the Atlantic Ocean from New England to Brazil in the west and along the coast of Africa in the east. They prefer tropical, subtropical and warm temperate waters. These dolphins are found in groups that may number more than 200 animals, although they are more often found in groups of 50 or less.   They are acrobatic animals that may leap and bowrider  in the waves created by boats. It is possible that there are two populations of Atlantic spotted dolphins - a coastal population and an offshore population. Offshore dolphins seem to be smaller and have fewer spots. Feeding Atlantic spotted dolphins have 30-42 pairs of cone-shaped teeth. Like other toothed whales, they use their teeth for grasping, rather than chewing, prey.  Their preferred prey are fish, invertebrates, and cephalopods. They usually stay near the ocean surface but may dive up to 200 feet when foraging.  Like other dolphins, they use  echolocation  to find prey. Reproduction Atlantic spotted dolphins are sexually mature when they are between 8-15 years old. The dolphins mate sexually but males and females are not monogamous.  The gestation period is about 11.5 months, after which a single calf about 2.5-4 feet long is born. Calves nurse for up to 5 years. It is thought these dolphins can live about 50 years.   How Would You Like to Talk to a Dolphin? Atlantic spotted dolphins have a complex repertoire of sounds. In general, their main sounds are whistles, clicks, and burst pulse sounds. The sounds are used for long and short range communication, navigation and orientation. The Wild Dolphin Project  studies these sounds in dolphins in the Bahamas and is even trying to develop a two-way communication system between dolphin and humans. Conservation The Atlantic spotted dolphin is listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List. Threats may include incidental catches in fisheries operations and hunting. These dolphins are occasionally caught in directed fisheries in the Caribbean, where they are hunted for food.

13 Books to Read to Advance Your Career

13 Books to Read to Advance Your Career We have millions of resources available to us on the internet, any time of day. It’s obviously a fantastic tool, especially when you’re looking for ways to boost your career. But you know what also works? Good, old-fashioned books. (Okay, I’ll even stretch that to include ebooks.) From classic lit (no War and Peace, I promise) to ultramodern career advice, we’ve got a reading list that might not satisfy your high school English teacher, but just might help you move forward in your career. The Literary ClassicsFirst, let’s look at some of the books you might not think are career books, but provide great insight into human nature and how to cope with life.The Art of War, Sun TzuLove is a battlefield, sure, but so is the workplace. While it may not be the kind of literal warfare that ancient Chinese philosopher and military strategist Sun Tzu likely envisioned for his audience, it has lots of good advice for someone seeking to improve leadership skills , conquer office politics, or just plain survive the ins and outs of the workplace. Besides, a little extra discipline never hurts, professionally.Career takeaway: â€Å"Appear weak when you are strong, and strong when you are weak.† One-liners like this can give you bite-size management tips that you can apply to any situation, whether the war zone is a literal one or one with a water cooler.Lord of the Flies, William GoldingIf The Art of War is your field guide to turning yourself into an A+ leader, this one is your cautionary tale for surviving office politics. This young adult novel follows a group of students who become stranded, and attempt to create their own new island society. (Spoiler alert: it doesn’t go great.)Career takeaway: Working together with a diverse group of people is an essential skill, especially amid chaos.The Alchemist, Paulo CoelhoIn this novel, an Andalusian shepherd travels to Egypt seeking riches after dreaming of finding wealth there. Whil e this is a literal tribute to chasing your dreams, it also contains many insightful lessons about seizing opportunities, overcoming fear of the unknown, and embracing the actions you can take in the present.Career takeaway: Focus on your journey, and the steps you can take now to achieve your goals.The Career ClassicsWhile you may not find these books on your English syllabus, these books have helped generations of readers grow professionally.Think and Grow Rich, Napoleon HillAny process that has 13 steps has to be successful, right? This 1937 self-help classic by author and lecturer Napoleon Hill offers the aforementioned steps to make more money and achieve personal goals, based on the successes of early 20th century entrepreneurs like Henry Ford and Andrew Carnegie.Career Takeaway: Emulating successful people can help you break through in your own personal achievement and financial goals.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Stephen R. CoveyOne of the most important things yo u can do, career-wise, is to set yourself up for success by creating and maintaining good habits. This book has been a perennial bestseller since its publication in 1990, and provides a road map to making changes to your mindset and life to allow for success. While it does cover the aforementioned habits of successful people, this is more of a reset on how you see yourself and the world around you.Career Takeaway: Beloved by executives and other highly successful people, this book offers tools to push yourself up to the next level.How to Win Friends Influence People, Dale CarnegieAnother oldie-but-goodie, this is the original book about networking. Dale Carnegie’s insights into making and maintaining connections has become the basis for many generations of business leaders and highly successful schmoozers.Career Takeaway: You can’t go it alone, so it’s essential to work on your people skills alongside your professional skills, and make the right connections.The Pathfinder: How to Choose or Change Your Career for a Lifetime of Satisfaction and Success, Nicholas LoreOriginally published in 1998, this book has been a touchstone for recent grads, people looking for career changes, and those who just want to start plotting out a path to their goals. In it, career coach Nicholas Lore lays out how to figure out what you want to do and how to set your course to get to that point. Lore uses diagnostic tools and tests from the career and networking hub the Rockport Institute to guide readers through the first (or next steps) on their career paths. This one has also been revised and updated for the current realities of the job market (technology, economic shifts, etc.).Career Takeaway: Everyone needs a plan for their career, but not everyone knows how to create and execute that plan. Expert advice and self-diagnosis quizzes help you zero in on your strengths and your goals.The Modern ClassicsAnd now we have the more contemporary books, which may ver y well be the career books we pass along to our kids.Outliers: The Secret of Success, Malcolm GladwellLike Napoleon Hill and Dale Carnegie before him, writer Malcolm Gladwell understands the importance of learning from the best thinkers and achievers. Outliers takes a deep dive into what makes these achievers so successful, and what we regular schmoes can learn from them in order to grab some of that success for ourselves. This book also contains the now-famous conclusion, which you’ve likely heard, that the key to mastering any skill is to put in 10,000 of effort and practice.Career Takeaway: Success is a result of hard work and savvy planning, and we should be open others’ success stories to help determine what works for ourselves.The Up Side of Down: Why Failing Well Is the Key to Success, Megan McArdleNo one likes to fail, but it’s an inevitable part of everyone’s career at some point. The key is managing those failures, embracing the challenges that come with taking chances, and taking the necessary lessons forward into the rest of one’s career. This book takes real-world stories of failure to illustrate how to embrace and move on from setbacks.Career Takeaway: I fail, you fail, we all fail†¦sometimes. Learning to accept these failures gracefully and move on, wiser and stronger, is a major career skill everyone should have.Linchpin, Seth GodinIf you’ve heard of only one career coach in the past ten years, there’s a good chance that name is Seth Godin’s. Godin specializes in personal success and entrepreneurship, and here he focuses on how to make yourself an absolutely necessary part of the team by embracing innovation and positive change.Career Takeaway: An indispensable person is a person with job security.Lean In, Sheryl SandbergWomen have faced innumerable challenges in the workplace, including a shortage of managerial roles. In Lean In, Sandberg draws on her experience as Facebook’s COO to offer advice on how to cultivate leadership skills and achieve work-life balance. But while this book is aimed at professional women specifically, it also has advice that anyone of any gender can take and apply to their own career paths.Career Takeaway: If you’re not achieving your full professional, you’re putting yourself at a major professional disadvantage.Love Your Job: The New Rules for Career Happiness, Kerry Hannonâ€Å"Do what you love† is very common career advice. It’s also very vague- should you pursue passion projects at the expense of a paycheck? Should you learn to love the job you have? What’s the optimal way to find happiness in your career? Hannon walks you through making necessary changes to your habits, routines, and mindset so that you’re getting the most possible fulfillment out of your job.Career Takeaway: Whether you have your dream job or not, you should seek happiness and fulfillment from the job that takes u p so much of your life and mindspace.Moving the Needle: Get Clear, Get Free, and Get Going in Your Career, Business, and Life!, Joe Sweeney and Mike YorkeyIf you feel like you’re stuck in a rut, either in your job or in your industry, Moving the Needle is designed to help you shake up the status quo, and move forward in your career with a refreshed sense of purpose. If you have no idea what said refreshed purpose could be, this book gives you the tools you need to figure that out.Career Takeaway: Don’t let yourself get mired in a blah status quo- embrace ideas like risk and innovation that can help you move your career in a more fulfilling direction.Now more than ever, there are so many voices out there that can help us learn more about our professional selves, and tools to help us achieve our most cherished career goals. Happy reading!

Status of women defined in the Arab culture Assignment

Status of women defined in the Arab culture - Assignment Example Many aspects in the Arabian cultures and including religion evidently show that Arabian men and women do not share equal privileges and rights in society. Women in Arabian countries hold lower status than that of their male counterparts. Most Arabs in Arabic countries, and those found in different parts of the world are known to follow the Arabic principles and customs. Although Islam is dominant in Arabic states, some Arabs belong to the Christian faith, while others are Jews. However, these still adhere to some of the Islamic principles. Therefore, the religion of Islam plays the major role in determining the different ways through which Arab men and women interact, including their status in society. Since Islam is a religion that has been present for many years, it is considered part of the culture in Arab countries, and this highly influences different social and cultural aspects of Arabs. The mainstream, secular discourse believes that Islam is oppressive to women. This is reflected in various practices in the Arabian cultures, which require women to act differently from men, in a rather discriminatory manner. For instance, women’s dressing is highly restricted. In most conservative Arab countries, women can only dress in clothes covering their whole bodies, and even veils for the head and face, as some allow women to only show their eyes, and not any other part of their bodies. This is in addition to many other practices, including those involving property ownership, which undermine women in Arab countries (Desiree Web). The status of women in Arab countries is directly related to the religion of Islam. In past times, women in Arab countries were secluded, and were not given the opportunity to take part in the public life. Women were rather confined to their private lives only. After independence however, Islam countries such as Tunisia have considerably changed the status of their women

Club IT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Club IT - Assignment Example For instance, organizations normally make use of a computer based information system known as Decision Support System (DSS) to make quick and valuable business decisions after analysis of data. It is noteworthy that information technology is highly significant for effective operation of every organization and as such, Lisa and Ruben should not relent in their effort to integrate information technology in the operations of Club IT. It is relevant to start by pointing out that despite all the efforts applied in extensive remodeling of the club, Club It will not be in a position to exploit its full potential without embracing information technology. Lisa and Ruben will start the journey towards employing IT in Club IT operations by installing appropriate information system (IS) infrastructure within the organization. The key information system infrastructures include hardware, software, databases, network, procedures, and computer proficient individuals (Rainer and Turban, 2009). Key ha rdware to be acquired by Club IT includes CPUs, monitors, and storage devices, while the software will include application programs that will support the club’s systems. ... By installing effective information system infrastructure, Club IT will stand a better chance of gathering and storing vital information about the clients, which may include favorite drinks, music, or services. Information systems will save Lisa and Ruben a great deal in the sense that they will no longer have to engage in paper work, which is too bulky and tedious. Processing of raw data into finished timely, efficient, and reliable information is supported through information system. For instance, Club IT will find it easy to track sale of drinks from the warehouse and consequently accessing the closing stock at the end of the day without physical count. Lisa and Ruben have several information systems at their disposal to improve the Club’s information technology, data management, and decision-making capabilities. They should start by adopting an integrated inventory system that seeks to harmonize all the operations in the supply chain. However, before adopting the inventory system it is important for Reuben and Lisa to consult inventory system vendors for an advice on various requirements that will adequately meet the needs of the Club. Other key stakeholders to be engaged in the system analysis include sales personnel, storekeepers and their respective executives. An inventory System as a computer system it is developed with a view of managing elementary day-to-day transactions of an organization relating to inventory management starting from the suppliers, warehousing and sales (Kelly, 2010). Club IT is engaged in a number of recurring activities, which include sale of particular type of drinks and movement of stock into and out of the warehouse. It is often very cumbersome to

Research Methods - Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Methods - Public Health - Essay Example Ohio is one of those places where we can find health disparities at a significant level. Studies indicate that the Appalachian adults in Ohio are more exposed to health disparity issues than their peers in other regions. Health disparities related to the environmental exposure pose a double injustice in terms of unequal exposure and unequal access to adequate health care. Health disparities, in general, mean that the burden of disease or environments that cause disease are mostly felt or experienced by some and not all populations. In the United States (US), health disparities are attributed to several factors including: lack of access to healthcare, socioeconomic status or educational background (Moeller, 2005). We look at health disparities from the angle of environmental health. Effects of health disparities are dismal because they include limited or no health insurance at all, which, in turn, prevents them from having access to adequate healthcare and related resources. This is a significant public health challenge which needs to be addressed by effective interventions. This  Abbreviated Quantitative Research Plan (AQRP) is aimed and directed at policy makers at local and federal levels; with the aim of addressing health issues related to industrial manufacturing sites located in residential areas. The plan is also directed towards health services, federal and local public health agencies, companies with polluting businesses and other interested stakeholders. The plan explores the study’s purposes, design, methodology and other aspects of a credible research (Creswell, 2006). According to Moeller (2005), The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, â€Å"was made into national policy to assure that pollution is prevented or reduced at its source, recycled or treated in an environmentally safe manner, and disposed of or released into the environment only as a last resort† (p.362). Evidence of improvements on human health, especially to

The Future of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Future of Privacy - Essay Example Systemic instruments come from the engineering process from networks to machines to computers to codes to protocols. These are the systems that are built into machines. Collective instruments come from government policy applied to provide protection of goods and services. These are the instruments that are built into processes. The instrument of individual empowerment requires individuals to implement privacy-enhancement during online transactions. This is the instrument of choice. There will not be one-size-fits-all solution, though. PET should be thought of as toolkit. Each tool serves a particular purpose, but when combined, they achieve more than the sum of their parts. PET may be implemented such that the deficiencies of one are covered by the strengths of another (Raab 2004). Countrywide has the option to build security measures around systemic, political, and behavioral instruments. Combine such efforts enhances the effectiveness of each. It is in the interests of Countrywide Financial Corporation to develop practices to preserve client and corporate privacy (Countrywide 2009). Raab, C.D. (2004). The future of privacy protection.

Racial Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racial Diversity - Essay Example The main aim of this report is to understand using a real life company, the different kinds of discriminations that employees face at work, the make up of the group i.e. the racial make up of the group, the existing problems and issues and the solutions used by management to resolve the issues. The company chosen for this research is Wal Mart. The next section will deal with a brief about Wal Mart and a little about the employees. Wal Mart is the biggest retailers in the world. Wal – Mart has wide operations spread across 14 markets, 7390 Wal – Mart stores. They company employees over 2 million associates. It is the largest employer in America. The company claims to give importance to the employee’s growth and careers. The company’s website claims to provide the employees with a competitive pay, skills development and health benefits for the employee and family. Articles and studies have shown that the company pays employees a salary which is way below the poverty line and employees have confessed that they cannot live out of the pay received from Wal – Mart alone. The average hours worked by employees is around 40 hours a week. However the pay received is very low and for some of the employees it is just enough to live out of a Dodge truck (Greenhouse, 2005). A study showed that even though employees were given hikes in salary they did not really benefit from the hikes. Wal – Mart has instituted a new payment method. The company has placed a range for every job level and once an employee reaches the top of the pay range, the salary freezes and chances of pay increase is completely eliminated. The promotion system is also very poor and employees working for almost 13-14 years in the company and have not been promoted (Gogoi, 2006). Wal Mart’s main vision for the company is to become leading retailers in the world. The

The Future of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Future of Privacy - Essay Example Systemic instruments come from the engineering process from networks to machines to computers to codes to protocols. These are the systems that are built into machines. Collective instruments come from government policy applied to provide protection of goods and services. These are the instruments that are built into processes. The instrument of individual empowerment requires individuals to implement privacy-enhancement during online transactions. This is the instrument of choice. There will not be one-size-fits-all solution, though. PET should be thought of as toolkit. Each tool serves a particular purpose, but when combined, they achieve more than the sum of their parts. PET may be implemented such that the deficiencies of one are covered by the strengths of another (Raab 2004). Countrywide has the option to build security measures around systemic, political, and behavioral instruments. Combine such efforts enhances the effectiveness of each. It is in the interests of Countrywide Financial Corporation to develop practices to preserve client and corporate privacy (Countrywide 2009). Raab, C.D. (2004). The future of privacy protection.

FM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

FM - Essay Example Practicing managers are interested in this subject because among the most crucial decisions of the firm are those which relate to finance, and an understanding of the theory of financial management provides them with conceptual and analytical insights to make those decisions skillfully1. Financial management, as an academic discipline, is concerned with decision-making in regard to the size and composition of assets and the level and structure of financing. To make wise decisions a clear understanding of the objectives, which are sought to be achieved, is necessary. The objective provides a framework for optimum financial, decision-making. In other words, they are concerned with designed a method of operating the internal investment and financing of a firm. These all are done in a systematic way if financial management is studied 2. Financial management is related to profit maximization as a decision criterion. According to profit maximization goal, actions that increase profits should be undertaken and those that decrease profits are to be avoided. In specific operational terms, as applicable financial management, the profit maximization criterion implies that the investment, financing and other decisions of the problem should be oriented to the maximization of profits. Though in our specific proble... In specific operational terms, as applicable financial management, the profit maximization criterion implies that the investment, financing and other decisions of the problem should be oriented to the maximization of profits. Though in our specific problem, financial goal is set up in such a way that of not operating at a loss, financial management is needed at all as the main objective of financial management is profit maximization. Workings for setting up financial goal: Fixed cost: Refurbishment cost 3: 8000 Building fixed overheads: 2000 per month 2000 6 months=12000 for 6 months So total fixed cost= 8000+12000 =20000 Fluctuation of Personnel Contingent 4 100 150 200 250 300 Cost of Goods sold 5 108000 162000 216000 270000 324000 Advanced stock Purchased for 2 weeks 3600 5400 7200 9000 10800 Total variable Cost 6 111600 167400 223200 279000 334800 Total revenue: Spend of customers/ Revenue of the store 7 150000 225000 300000 375000 450000 Total cash inflow Considering Fluctuations: 3000 8 153000 228000 303000 378000 453000 Total cash inflow Considering Fluctuations: 4000: 154000 229000 304000 379000 454000 Net cash inflow (Considering starting Cash as 3000) 9 21400 40600 59800 79000 98200 Remark 10 So to operate the store at not operating loss the minimum financial goal have to be 153000 for six months. Requirement 2: Tools to analyze a project: Ratios provide very useful tools for the manager to assess the organization by making two basic types of comparisons. First, the analyst can compare a present ratio with past (or expected) ratios for the organization to determine if there has been an improvement or

There Has Always Been Wars and There Will Always Be Wars Essay Example for Free

There Has Always Been Wars and There Will Always Be Wars Essay When we think of war we think of torture, cruelty, suffering and hell. Indeed, there is no denying that war is terrible. The desire for war is generally caused by mans ego, which is part of the physical man, as opposed to the spiritual man. Physical man is another way of describing mans human nature. Man naturally has great tendencies to do according to his desires, and has other people act in agreement to his desires, cultures, and philosophies. As a civilization of a particular culture grows, it is a part of that civilizations nature to dominate the choices of surrounding peoples, in an attempt to bring these peoples into less than one great rule. If need be, man will wage war to forcibly bring others to the awareness of a more enlightened way of living. The only way to truly have peace is for man to ultimately strengthen his spiritual side. When living with true virtue, man is able to have patience, understanding, tolerance, love, forgiveness, gentleness, and goodness, even in the face of fear, intolerance, hate, and anger. Self-defence is necessary, but more times than not, war are waged by men who fight against the free agency of others, and men who will the dominance and manipulation of others. This stems greatly from pride and selfishness, but it can come from any attitude that is against the spirit of true virtues, those virtues which are of God. Most Christians believe that war and fighting are wrong except in the most severe cases. They base their views on Jesus’ teaching about love, ‘a new command I give you: love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another’ but depending on the situation, would it be our fault for self-defence? If one was to strike at our family, would you strike him/her with a weapon? When Jesus was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane, his disciples wanted to defend him, yet Jesus claimed not to fight and put away the swords, ‘When Jesus’ followers saw what was going to happen, they said, ‘Lord, should we strike with our swords? ’ And one of them struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his right ear. But Jesus answered, ‘No more of this! ’ And he touched the man’s ear and healed him. ’ In the statement it suggests that because of war in the past we should fight, it is our human nature to fight. Like other animals, humans have an instinct to survive. If this suggests to them that fighting and killing will help, then they will usually do so. Many also fight for pleasure, a rough game of excitement and competition which appeals to most of us. Yet, if we look at the whole of human history, we find that the use of physical force against other animals (including other humans) is a practically universal feature. Now that women have begun to be recruited into the front-line of armies, you might find that you yourself are killing people in a war. Yet simple aggression, or love of fighting, or desire to survive, cannot be seen as the main reason why most individuals have been caught up in warfare in the past. Most wars for many centuries have involved unwilling soldiers. The politicians and generals decide for the troops, through fear, need, loyalty or hope for treasure, apply themselves to capturing or killing the enemy. Clearly wars would not happen if humans were actively planned against the use of all physical violence. On the other hand, no animal would survive for long in this competitive world if they were so planned. Muslim attitudes to war and peace are based on the teachings of the Qur’an. One idea in Muslim that relate to war is Jihad. Jihad is the word used to describe personal struggle of each Muslim against evil as they try to follow the way of Allah. There are two types of Jihad: greater Jihad and lesser Jihad. Greater Jihad is the personal struggle to obey Allah, spiritual struggle lasting a lifetime, winning the struggle gets you to Paradise. Lesser Jihad is the struggle to make the world a better place, against poverty and injustice, and involves defending against enemies only in self defence. When the Prophet Muhammad was asked which people fought in the name of Allah, he said: The person who struggles so that Allah’s word is supreme is the one serving Allah’s cause. The idea of Jihad is often misread by non-Muslims who then see Islam as not being a pacifist religion. Another idea in Muslim that relate to war is Harb al-Muqadis, which is Holy War. Muslims are allowed to fight in self-defence, however they are forbidden to begin in a fight. Therefore, the aim of fighting is to create a circumstance where Muslims are free to worship Allah and live in peace. One aim of Holy War may be to create equality where people are free to live their lives without beliefs and politics being forced on them. There must be no hatred or vengeance in the fighting. As soon as peace is offered, fighting must stop. Once peace has been re-established the differences between people must be resolved. â€Å"Hate your enemy mildly; he may become your friend one day† suggests that we shouldn’t hate our enemies so much as they could help us in life-saving situations. People never know that sometimes your worst enemy can be your friend. We should put aside our differences are combine our thoughts and feelings, and resolve an understanding. On the other hand, even though there have been wars, should we be the ones to continue with them? Should we be the ones who strike our swords in the face of peace? Can’t we be the ones who make peace and shake hands with one and another? Even though there were wars before, there were also non-violent ones. Non-violent is showing disapproval with damaging property or causing any threat, this could be done with sit-ins, strikes, petitions, and peaceful demonstrations. In my opinion, I think that non-violent methods can work. Using a non-violent protest is taking some action to stand-up against and resist oppression, injustice or to make a difference. These people who use non-violent are called Pacifists. There are many famous pacifists: Jesus, Bishop Desmound Tutu, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King. These inspire others to fight in non-violence, therefore commit no wars. If we commit no wars, it won’t be human’s nature to fight. As Jesus should us the human qualities he had like forgiveness and mercy, we would know that violence doesn’t solve everything. If the world tried to act as the commandments teach there wouldn’t need to be war. One commandment like ‘Thou Shall Not Murder’ is one that suggests not hurting any living thing. Muslims believe to not hurt living things as foretold in the key concept of Ahimsa. Ahimsa means trying to fight injustice and evil but without using any physical force. It is the key concept that prevents a Muslim from causing harm to any creature, and therefore, many Muslims avoid violence aside from most severe cases. Christians believe Jesus taught that people should not seek revenge when wronged – they should ‘turn the other cheek’. But this doesn’t mean being submissive victim – just that we should base our response on the principles of love and forgiveness. For example, most Christians don’t believe that if someone commits a crime, we should do nothing. They believe punishment can be more constructive. Punishment can be used to reform an offender and to deter others from offending, as well as for retribution. ‘Love your neighbour as yourself. When we love God with all our heart, soul, mind and strength, we grow to recognize that everyone is part of His creation. If we love the Lord God with all our heart, soul and mind, loving our neighbour is the natural result. Love thy neighbour is not as hard as it looks on the surface. It simply means respecting others and regarding their needs and desires as highly as we regard our own. Keeping this commandment, however, is likely to require the supernatural assistance only God, through Christ, can provide. How can we learn to love the guy next door with the barking dog, especially when we dont even like him? Perhaps the secret is to recognize that our neighbour, whether its the guy next door, or the cashier at the local supermarket, is someone as worthy of Gods love as you or I. Its human nature to follow those we admire most, so in getting to know Christ, well discover a God worthy of our whole-hearted love, and our neighbour will see that love in us. In conclusion, I think that it is not our human nature to fight, and even though there were wars in the past it is not our responsibility to continue with them. Many inspiring people taught us to love and not hate, and to speak out with non-violence. These inspiring people like Jesus, gives us teachings and quotes for us to base our lives on. Teachings like not to seek revenge when wronged, teaches us that we should forgive and forget, and not remain bitter. If the world tried to act as the commandments teach there wouldn’t need to be war. So, love thy neighbour as he or she may be your friend or save your life. And we should renew friendships and rebuild relationships, and make up after quarrels, and work together again.

Decision Focus Of Mis Information Technology Essay

Decision Focus Of Mis Information Technology Essay The report was intended to comprehend the theoretical and speculative aspects about the management information system, and its practical applications as well. The next thing to be done is providing recommendations to Amazon.com for a profitable information system to coordinate the operations and workforce activities, and incorporating novel processes while expanding business in the times of economic crisis. Management Information System Information system is comprised of integrated components used to gather, store, analyze and transfer the information. The technology used to manage and coordinate the information in a way that it can be retrieved when required is known as information technology. (Clarke, 2007) The information system is the one which collects the data both internally and externally, process it into information, pass this information to people working at varied levels of organizations, assist them in decision making in a timely and effective manner (Lucey, 2004). The management information system is the system which gives needed timely information to management for decision making, planning, and controlling of business operations effectively and efficiently. In this highly competitive world of technology, the management information systems are combination of man and hardware, which aids and provide support to the management to perform business operation with excellence. It is the man and computer based technology which collects the raw form of data, converts it into useful information, store it, and retrieve it when needed. This information is conducive for all managerial levels or hierarchies. The well built and structured information system is helpful to both business and its employees in acquiring their objectives and formulates decision making process easier at all organizational levels. (Laudon, 2006) Decision Focus of MIS Figure1 (Sourced: Lucey,7th Edi) Roles of MIS The organizations of the modern world have comprehended it well that information systems are essential for the growth of their businesses. They play a critical role in managing operations; perform routine tasks and future decision making. As a result, organizations will enhance their processes, improves customer service, and earn more market share and profits eventually. Thus it will be appropriate to say that a well structured and utilized management information system can act as a source of giving competitive advantage to organization, which is demand of the corporate sector globally (Clarke, 2007). Some critical roles played by the management information system are discussed here: Firstly, it supports business processes; the best illustration is inventory tracking or management, order delivery management, supply chain management. These systems are helpful in performing daily routine tasks or business operations in a more efficient manner, thus empowering employees to perform well and satisfy their customers (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). The next is that it supports in making decisions for normal day to day operations. This is the most important role played by the system helping employees at various levels in organization. The middle level used this information for making decisions regarding the service and product, while senior management used this information to make strategic decisions for future of business. Thus, it is the well structured and well designed management information system that assists in decision making at every management level because they are providing appropriate information to the management. (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008). Another important role played by the information system is giving a competitive advantage. In industry settings, it acts as source of competitive edge in two ways. One way is to record and then present the information of customers, their behaviours, preferences, demographic influences and also in enhancing product quality, exposing the right product to right customers, and focussing on customer relationships. In another way, management can utilize this information to make changes and take decisions regarding businesses and product development to gain competitive edge (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2008). Types of Management Information system There exist four major types of the management information system. The Executive Support System resides at the top level management. It has a role in providing the corporate strategic information to senior management. Then is the Decision Support System, which serves to the middle management by providing information they require and helps them in decision making. Another system on same level is Management Information System, which provides internal and external information of customers and employees to the management. The most basic is the Transaction Support System, which provides information about daily business operations and helps employees to provide enhance services to their customers. These Transaction Support Systems are used to track inventory, record daily sales etc (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). Figure 2 (Sourced: Laudon Laudon 9th Edi) Strategic Weapon In past, the presence of management information system was not as vital as it is today, because it was employed for the purpose of assistance in transactions and daily operations only. But recently, these systems have gained importance due to the new picture of corporate landscape and culture. Now the time factor is present, the right information must be delivered in time to its respondents to take decisions on this basis. To take strategic decisions, it is essential to have accurate and timely information with the management. That is why the graph of importance of MIS is rapidly increasing. This makes it clear that information systems if implemented correctly and used efficiently can act as a strategic weapon of the company (Clarke, 2007). These information systems can be utilized in multiple ways. From the customersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ perspective, these systems facilitate their interaction with the company, motivating them to do further transactions, and it can be used effectively on B2B business model. With the implementation of intelligent business information system, company can get the feedback from customers, perform analysis on it and use this for improvements in business operations and procedures. Thus it helps in building a strong business relationship with customers, and consequently organization can achieve competitive advantage (Preston and Karahanna, 2009). Some other advantage which organization can get from this MIS are enhanced efficiency of organization, improved inventories, just in time delivery of raw material and learning process from the data collected by this information system. This helps in increasing the business processes of the company and reduces cost of processes. This is how information systems can strategically used as business weapon (Preston and Karahanna, 2009). Information System Technology: Information communication system technologies are involved in almost every aspect of life. The whole process of acquiring, processing, storing and distributing verbal, theoretical and numerical information via computation is collectively known as Information communication technologies .(Lucey,2004). ICT is not only comprised of the hardware and software, but also structure of network and communication, structure of data and information with its access to different levels, user friendly, and also deals in operations and organizational strategies. To make long story short, these information communication systems are socio-technical as they integrates information, equipment, organization and people altogether .(Lucey,2004) Some main uses of information communication technologies are discussed in the figure below. Figure 3( Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi) It has been found that, information communication technologies (ICT) are not essential in every management information system, yet it is noted that if these ICTs are deployed in MIS then they can provide support to multiple managerial posts in organization. The figure below depicts the likelihood of applying this application at various levels in organization. Computer Application Feasible Area Figure 4(Sourced Lucey, 7th Edi) The information communication technologies can be deployed in organizational settings for varied reasons, some of which are: Corporate Data Information To communicate Creating Networks Internet Electronic Data Interchange World Wide Web Hardware and Software Management The information systems are complex systems, created from multiple components. These include people, resources, software, hardware, data and networks, each one having its own importance and management style. Some considerations need to be taken for managing any information system in organizations (Clarke, 2007). While talking about the hardware portion, it has to be kept in mind that hardware component of information system must be designed and created by forecasting the future requirements of the information. Same is done in case of software parts, yet in this case mostly current needs of the company are considered, which is problematic when business expands and information requirements are changed. Similar types of regulations are applicable on data and network of the information system. In case of the networks, future needs are kept in mind while designing and creating networks, while in data case, the needs of all management levels are considered before making data management system as every tier has its own particular specific need that is to be satisfied. This is why it is required to develop a highly flexible data management system in order to cater all types of information related needs (Luftman and Kempaiah, 2008). Example of MIS Here is a case study of management information system of Amazon.com is a US-based electronic commerce company. Amazon is one of the largest online business retailers in the United States with its Headquarter in Seattle, Washington. The case discussed below is a an example of using a profitable MIS setup in an organization, which helps in sustaining the business (Web1,2010) Management Information System at Amazon.com Users at Amazon The people using MIS at Amazon.com includes sales staff, collection team, marketing personnel, accountants, finance officers, inventories and procuring managers and teams. The usage rights varied from person to person in an organization on the basis of difference in designations they have. The ones who are executives and leaders of the team possess rights regarding business processes, managers are entitled to right for checking the information collectively and individually. This right is also given to the senior executives and head of departments, who can view all information, and get reports in different formats to check the performance of individual employee and whole organization as well. This is how the management of Amazon measures the performance of its employees (Web1, 2010) . Hardware Components The hardware components that are deployed in management information systems of Amazon are: Fax Machines Inbox Intel Core2Due Processing Systems Keyboard Modems Mouse Printers Dedicated servers Ups Software Components The software components incorporated in the MIS of the Amazon.com are of various kinds. one the kind is which are used as machine running software these include Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus system and other are application that are designed for needs of different departments depending upon the nature of business they are handling. These applications include Tracer system, Econnect system, CRM system, Infinity Analysis portal and Octopus. One primary kind is used for running machines and known as system software such as Microsoft Windows Office, Antivirus, other software applications designed to cater the needs of the different departments which is dependent on the type of business they are dealing in. Some examples of these applications include: Tracer system Econnect system CRM system Infinity Analysis portal Octopus Sales Order Processing System Figure 5 Networks for Remote Locations Amazon.com acquires it network system and utilizes LAN (use Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), and VPN (Virtual Private Network), to perform operations in remote areas without presence in the office. Example of WAN Figure 6(Source Web2) Data Component The data component of Amazonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s MIS is comprised of the database management system, which gathers, stores, analyze, and retrieves data through servers and software applications. Recommendations Here, we have to provide some major recommendations to the Amazon who is expanding their business and focus is on optimizing the performance of their workforce by managing and controlling them. As we know Amazon is a US based organization who is intended to expand its business in South Asian region of the World such as Pakistan and India. That is why we have to recommend main points about the management information system for Amazon which will help it strategically. Some main aspects of MIS regarding management strategy and decision making are as under. Strategic Management through MIS In most cases, strategy making is not a well organized and structured process, and the role of new management information system is limited in information processing. Though MIS is required to collect information according to the environment and perform scanning and processing methods to identify the possible threats and opportunities. Some main characteristics of the strategic information utilized in decision making are as under: Outside Information: It is known that internal information is required continuously for business, yet a real fact is that organizations are working in any environment and not alone, so in this case they need extensive outside information for making decisions on strategic issues. This information can be the performance report of competitor in a market, financial patterns, technological advancements, political situations, market scenarios and trends etc. Long term Concerns: The strategic plans are made for the medium and long terms. That is why strategic information systems must be designed to cater the information like trends, forecasts, appraisals, previous performance records. Quality and Quantity: The element of the quality and quantity is required in the information gathered for the information system. The qualitative information is needed to formulate strategic plans and take decisions. The quantitative information is needed for daily operations like sales. Informal Processes: Formal procedures are important in strategic planning, but it is the fact that informal procedures to analyse the information is highly effective way. Studies indicate that an extra formal system in strategic levels makes the organization less adaptive and responding. Boundary less: The information at lower management level is boundary less in the organizations, but it has been noted that it is limited to a specific action. In case of strategic information, it should be broad and not restricted by any boundaries. Multi-Proportion Management: While building strategy or taking decisions, management must consider all the solutions to issue and look problem with all aspects. For instance, taking decision on one issue, management has to consider all factors such as financial, customers, marketing. Environmental Influences on Scanning The primary difference between, management information system made for strategic level and other MISs is that in case of strategic MIS, impact of environment is considered. In creating strategies or making decisions, it is essential to comprehend the involvement of environment and forecast potential changes that will occur in future, and also predict the future trends and influence factors of business. This whole process of collecting information whether formal or informal is known as scanning. The four main types of scanning includes: Undirected scanning: The scanning in which the information is searched out by the manager generally and not for any specific purpose. Conditioned scanning: In this type managerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s influence is involved. The influence come through any previous event or experience, and several portions of information are collected by it, instead of exploring specifically for the problem. Informal Directed Scanning: Here the information is searched particularly for any purpose or topic but in an informal or non structured format, rather manager following a formal setup. Formal Scanning: In this type, the information is collected for the specific purpose through formal and structured process Enterprise wide information systems An appropriate ERP system is recommended to the Amazon.com for optimizing its business. The advancements in networking and information technology have enabled the usage of shared data bases or ware houses by many information systems. This is done to provide support to the business operations and processes, linking them together to form enterprise wide information systems. One known or famous example of enterprise wide information system is Enterprise Resource Planning system. The retailers of known ERP systems include SAP, Baan, Oracle, and People-soft. The main task of ERP system is that it performs the integration, warehousing, application, and creates user friendly interfaces of the data and facilitate with data analyzing tools. It is a collection of multiple software modules which helps in bringing major business processes together. Each module performs its own task in analyzing the data. Some main modules of ERP system are: Inventory Management Logistics Bill of materials Sales and Marketing Human resource Management Accounts payable/receivable Role of ICT Applications in Managing Remote Workforce Trying to manage the operations and performance of its workforce in remote locations, (ICT) information communication technologies are used at all management levels so that information can be accessible whenever required, which enables the multinationals (MNCs) to operate globally even in remote areas. Thus, a well coordinated and designed MIS is vital for the business success and sustainability in this world of competition. Some examples of ICT applications which can be utilized for a useful management information system are discussed here. Automated Offices In order to carry out the information processing tasks in the company, technology of automating the offices is employed and in fashion these days. With help of such technologies, it is easier for the information to travel among different departments. For instance writing a memo, or report and email it to all departments. Office automation involves collection of software such as MS Office, Accounting software, Adobe etc. E Commerce E commerce is a specifically electronic or digital process, which includes activities both internally and externally businesses by information communication technology network such as internet, intranet and extranet. The whole business activities including sale, purchasing of services and goods, funds transfer all done electronically. E commerce involves e-marketing, B2B, B2C, C2B and etc. Another novel concept of this age is m-business, which has been evolved from the e-business. WAP (wireless application protocol) has made it possible to get connected on mobile phones. Some other latest applications includes tele- business, video conferencing, enabling the managers to connect with their team or subordinates from anywhere in the world. Location of Database It has been discussed in the case that major database of Amazon.com is located at its headquarters in Seattle, but with expansion of its business in South Asian countries and rest world, there might be some hurdles in having single database for all. The effect of having database in the headquarters is that, the operational efficiency in remote areas will decrease, due to failure of application to respond. Secondly, the holiday and time zone format in USA is different from that of country in South Asia. And this will be problematic for the staff of the remote operational area to handle queries when database employees will on leave. So having a single database is not recommended when Amazon is expanding business. In order to get in time support of operations, it is preferred to have a database in operational area. Same is required in the case of application development and support system. As these two tools are designed in the head office and used there, so the operations will be delayed because of this. This will results decline in the customer satisfaction and commitment. To cope up with such problems, databases and corresponding applications should be designed and developed in the operational country. Security of MIS It is highly important to consider the security of the information system. While dealing with ICT system which is networked via internet and intranet, its security be designed. The security procedures must ensure that only authorised people have access to the strategic information. The secrecy of the MIS should be on the top priority as this will make the business successful and if mishandled then cause losses. Conclusions The author has done the detailed study of the theoretical concepts of management information system in this assignment. Additionally, the sources of information, its storage, and processing are also discussed in the assignment. The importance of MIS in strategic decision making is the key issue discussed here, and keeping in view this, suggestions are provided by author for Amazon.com to expand its business with appropriate MIS to improve its effectiveness of business.

My Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Philosophy It takes a very patient person to deal with children. Everything that a teacher does effects the way the student thinks. Teachers have to realize that their actions are very important to a child. Some people don’t want that kind of responsibility. I believe that a teacher can change a child’s life. I love to be around children. I think that this a mandatory requirement for any teacher. You have to be able to at least try to see the world through a child’s eyes. Being able to understand why a child feels a certain way is a must. I think that I possess the qualities that are needed to be a great teacher. I intend on giving my all to become the best educator I can be. If I become a teacher and find that I have a negative effect on my students then I will find a new profession. I don’t want to be the cause of a child having a bad school experience. Schooling is too important. Hopefully I will turn out to be a great role model for my students if not, I will accept my faults in this profession and start a new one. I want my classroom to be a positive environment for my students. My classroom will definitely be colorful. Bright colors makes people feel more energetic. I don’t want my students to feel depressed or tired all the time. I will have bulletin boards with information that children will find interesting to read. I might even have the students try to find some fun fact on their own to make their own boards for other students to read. I will probably have my desk in the back of the room but do my teaching standing in front of the students. I want my students to feel that I am there for them when they need me but to try and do things on their own when they can. Group projects will play a major role in my classroom. Students will learn more social skills if they learn to work with others. Most children have the same group of kids they stay around so I will pick the groups to even up the social classes that they have already acquired.

African American Press Essay

?â€Å"We wish to plead our own cause. Too long have others spoken for us. Too long has the public been deceived by misrepresentation of things which concerns us dearly,† written on the front page of the first African-American owned newspaper, Freedom’s Journal. Freedom’s Journal was published on March 16, 1827 by a group of free African-American men in New York City. Freedom’s Journal was published the same year slavery was abolished in New York and was used to counter racist commentary published in the mainstream press. Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm served, respectively, as its senior and junior editors where they worked together to publish four-page, four-column weekly newspapers. Though The Freedom’s Journal was not the first African-American paper published, it was the first Africa-American owned newspaper. Freedom’s Journal consisted of news on current events, anecdotes, editorials and used to address contemporary issues such as denouncing slavery, advocating for black people’s political rights, the right to vote, and speaking out about lynching. Cornish and Russwurm desire were to give African-Americans the freedom to voice their thoughts, ideas and opinions. They sought to improve conditions for more than 300,000 newly freed men and women living in the North. They fulfilled this desire, by employing 14 to 44 agents each year to collect subscriptions. Each agent was paid $3 a year for their work. To encourage black achievements Freedom’s Journal featured biographies of celebrated black figures and continued to promote better living conditions by printing schools that were open to blacks, job offering and housing listings. Freedom’s Journal, eventually, circulated 11 states, the District of Columbia, Haiti, Europe and Canada before ceasing publications in 1829. During that time, Russwurm became the sole editor of Freedom’s Journal, after Cornish resigned in 1827. Russwurm began to promote the Colonization Movement which was frowned upon by majority of the newspaper’s readers. The Colonization Movement was a movement that was conceived by members of the American Colonization Colony where they began repatriating free African-Americans back to Africa. When the Freedom’s Journal shifted in complete support of colonization, it lost most of its readers and in March 1829 Freedom’s Journal ceased publication. Even though Freedom’s Journal existed for two years, its two years of existence helped spawn other papers. Since then, African American press has evolved and has substantially increased in the population over the years. After Freedom’s Journal, African-Americans had begun establishing and owning newspapers. It began May 1829, when Cornish attempted to revive the Freedom’s Journal under the name The Rights of All, however, the publication was not successful and failed after a year. David Walker, hired as an agent for Freedom’s Journal, became a well known, anti-slavery writer which was inspired by his experience with Freedom’s Journal. In 1830, Walker’s published his most famous publication known as Appeal which called for slaves to rebel against their masters, â€Å"†¦they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering us†¦therefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killed†¦and believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty,† (Walker). Another attempt at publication, Samuel Cornish, along with, Philip Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray launched The Weekly Advocate, January 1837. Later, the men changed the name to The Colored American March 4, 1837. The Colored American main purpose was to strengthen the moral, social, and political elevation of colored people as well as emancipation of slaves. The Colored American became well-known in the North because of the wide spread support of abolitionists, African-American churches and local abolition societies, and Caucasian allies. The Colored American published 38 articles, becoming an important paper of its time. The last edition of The Colored American was published on Christmas day in 1841. Other early African American newspapers include the Provincial Freeman, published in 1854, which was the first African-American owned newspapers to be published in Chatham, Ontario, Canada. The North Star was an anti-slavery newspaper published in 1847 by Frederick Douglas. He later agreed to merge it with the publication Liberty Party Paper with Gerrit Smith creating the Frederick Douglass’ Paper, in Rochester, New York. The National Era was published in Washington, D. C. in 1847 by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The Liberator was probably the best-known publication during the era, published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston between 1831 and 1865. Other anti-slavery newspapers of note include the Friend of Man, published weekly for the New York State Anti-Slavery Society from 1836 through 1842. The Emancipator, originally known as Genius of Universal Emancipation, was one of the first anti-slavery newspapers published in the United States by Benjamin Lundy in 1819 and National. Anti-Slavery Standard established in 1840. All of these newspapers advocated for the abolition of slavery and for the civil rights of all African Americans. By the start of Civil War, more than 40 black-owned and operated papers had been established throughout the United States. After the end of the Civil War, more than 100 newspapers were beginning to publish. Many of the major African-American owned publications include, Baltimore Afro-American, also known as The Afro, was founded by a former slave, John H. Murphy, SR. , in 1892. Today, The Afro is the longest-running African-American, family-owned newspaper in the United States. The Chicago Defender was founded by Robert Sengstacke. Abbott on May 5, 1905. The Chicago Defender included writing pieces from the well-known Langston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks and Willard Motley. The Pittsburgh Courier an African-American newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1910. The Pittsburgh Courier became the most widely circulated newspaper in America for African-Americans. During its peak, the Pittsburgh Courier circulated around 450,000 publications, with more than 400 employees in 14 cities. The Pittsburgh Courier discussed major issues impacting African-American communities. It campaigned against segregation and poverty, and promoted the social advancement of blacks. In the 1930s, the Pittsburgh Courier urged Black voters to vote Democrat, creating a political alliance that still exist to this day. Other publications includes, The Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001), Atlanta Daily World (1931–2003), Cleveland Call & Post (1934-1991), Los Angeles Sentinel (1934–2005), New York Amsterdam News (1922–1993), and Norfolk Journal and Guide (1921-2003). With African-American newspaper publication on the rise, organizations to help promote the publication began to form to support African-American journalist. In 1940, Robert Sengstacke Abbott, founder of Chicago Defender, along with other African-American publishers, organized the National Negro Publishers Association. The members of the National Negro Publishers Association worked together, â€Å"harmonizing our energies in a common purpose for the benefit of Negro journalism†, (Sengstacke). Today, the National Negro Publishers Associations is composed of more than 200 black newspapers in the United States and the Virgin Islands. In 1975 in Washington D. C. , 44 African-American journalists founded the National Association of Black Journalists. The National Association of Black Journalist’ purpose was to provide quality programs and services to and advocate on behalf of black journalists. These organizations are still going strong today and have contributed greatly to the African American population. Today, there isn’t a firm count of how many African American newspapers circulating the United States, however, according to Allied Media Corporation, an ethnic marketing firm, they have listed 250 newspapers in circulation. The National Newspaper Publishers Association, better known as the Black Press of America, assist in the publication of African-American owned newspapers, counts more than 200 black-owned newspapers as its membership. As you can see, since the Freedom’s Journal, the number of newspaper publications has increased. It began with the main purpose being that Africa-Americans would stick together to fight the constant oppression they were under. Now that we don’t see African-American oppression, as we did then, publications has different focal points. Many of the newspapers provide news and insight on African-American culture, including a variety of perspectives from leaders, celebrities, trendsetters and great minds from the African-American community. The Freedom’s Journal created a new stepping stone for the African-American population. It provided the platform for issues and concerns pursuant to ensuring our rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and to preserve a legacy of black conservatism for generations to come. References 2, M. A. (n. d. ). Early African American and Anti-Slavery Newspapers | Marjory Allen Perez. Genealogy & Family History | Search Family Trees & Vital Records . Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. archives. com/experts/perez-marjory/early-african-american-and-anti-slavery-newspapers. html Black Newspapers Listing | The Network Journal. (n. d. ). Black Business | Black News, Career Ideas for Black Professionals. Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. tnj. com/lists-resources/black-newspapers-listing David Walker, 1785-1830. Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly.

Economic Development for Developing Countries Essay

International Undergraduate Program Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia Depok 2013 Larger Rural Populations but Rapid Rural-to-Urban Migration One of the hallmarks of economic development is a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and services. Although modernizing in many regions, rural areas are poorer and tend to suffer from missing markets, limited information, and social stratification. However, a massive population shift is also under way as hundreds of millions of people are moving from rural to urban areas, fueling rapid urbanization, with its own attendant problems. Lower Levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports Industrialization is associated with High Productivity and Incomes. It is also a hallmark of modernization and national economic power. Moreover, it is a national priority for many developing countries, including Indonesia. In developed countries, Agriculture only contributes small share to the overall employment and the same goes to Industry, which the share of employment is smaller than the developing countries, since they tend to expand their Service sector. An often suggested but controversial â€Å"Pattern of Development† is that the share of employment in industry is decreasing as the service increases as when developed-country status achieved) Furthermore, developing nations have tended to have a higher dependence on primary exports even though the goods are typically less advanced in skill and technology content. Adverse Geography Geography plays a role in problems of agriculture, public health, and  comparative underdevelopment. In tropical/sub-tropical countries for example, most of them are developing countries. They suffer from pests, diseases such as Malaria, and many others. Another case is in Africa, which most countries are landlocked countries. They tend to have lower incomes than other countries that are Coastal. Not only geographical location, the rising issue of Global Warming might also bring impact especially in African and South East countries. However, geography is not destiny, but the presence of common and often adverse geographic features in comparison to temperate zone countries means it is beneficial to study tropical and subtropical developing countries together for some purposes. Underdeveloped Markets Imperfect market and imperfect information which can be found mainly in developing countries creates the market less efficient. There are aspects that determine Market Underdevelopment. They lack of: 1. a legal system that enforces contracts and validates property rights 2. a stable and trustworthy currency 3. an infrastructure of roads and utilities that results in low transport and communication costs so as to facilitate interregional trade 4. a well-developed and efficiently regulated system of banking and insurance 5. substantial market information for consumers and producers about prices, quantities, and qualities of products and resources as well as the creditworthiness of potential borrowers 6. social norms that facilitate successful long-term business relationships Lingering Colonial Impacts and Unequal International Relations Colonial Legacy Most developing countries were once colonies of Europe or otherwise dominated by European or other foreign powers, and institutions created during the colonial period often had pernicious effects on development that in many cases have persisted to the present day. Both domestically and internationally, developing countries have more often lacked institutions and formal organizations of the type that have benefited the developed world: Domestically, on average, property rights have been less secure, constraints on elites have been weak, and a smaller segment of society has  been able to gain access to and take advantage of economic opportunities. Problems with governance and public administration, as well as poorly performing markets, often stem from poor institutions. Moreover, several decades after independence, the effects of the colonial era linger for many developing nations, particularly the least developed ones. Due to colonialism, there is a high inequality between the people living in ex-colonies countries resulting less movement toward democratic institutions, less investment in public goods, and less widespread investment in human capital (education, skills, and health). The European colonial powers also had a dramatic and long-lasting impact on the economies and political and institutional structures of their African and Asian colonies by their introduction of three powerful and tradition shattering ideas: private property, personal taxation, and the requirement that taxes be paid in money rather than in kind. These innovations were introduced in ways that facilitated elite rule rather than broad-based opportunity. External Dependence Related with the Colonial Legacy, developing countries are less well organized and influential in international relations. They also have weaker bargaining position in international economic relations. Moreover, developing countries are dependent on the developed world for environmental preservation (on which hopes for sustainable development depend). This is called Environmental Dependence. This becomes interesting since Global Warming is more likely to harm the Developing Countries compared to the developed ones. How Low-Income Countries Today Differ from Developed Countries in Their Earlier Stages There are eight significant differences in initial conditions that require a special analysis of the growth prospects and requirements of modern economic development: 1. Physical and human resource endowments 2. Per capita incomes and levels of GDP in relation to the rest of the world 3. Climate 4. Population size, distribution, and growth 5. Historical role of international migration 6. International trade benefits 7. Basic scientific and technological research and development capabilities 8. Efficacy of domestic institutions Physical and Human Resource Endowments Some developing nations are blessed with abundant natural resources, while in Africa the resources are plentiful but yet to be discovered. Huge capital needed to be invested in order or these resources to be explored and exploited. The ability of a country to exploit its natural resources and to initiate and sustain long-term economic growth is dependent on, among other things, the ingenuity and the managerial and technical skills of its people and its access to critical market and product information at minimal cost. The problem with low-income and developing countries nowadays is that their people are less educated, less informed, less experienced, and less skilled compared to their counterparts were in the early days of economic growth in the West. Moreover, there is an ingenuity gap (the ability to apply innovative ideas to solve practical social and technical problems) between the rich and the poor. This did not exist in now developed countries on the eve of industrialization. Relative Levels of Per Capita Income and GDP People in low-income countries have lower level real per capita income than the developed ones in the 19th centuries. Meanwhile, today’s developed nations were economically in advance of the rest of the world. Therefore, they could take advantage of their relativity strong financial position to widen the income gaps between themselves and less fortunate countries in a long period of income divergence. By contrast, today’s developing countries began their growth process at the low end of the international per capita income scale. Climatic Differences The economically most successful countries are usually located in the temperate zone. Even though social inequality and institutional have greater importance, but dichotomy is more than coincidence. Extreme heat and humidity in most poor countries contribute in deteriorating soil quality and the rapid depreciation of many natural goods. Not only that, extreme heat and humidity also contribute to low productivity of certain crops, the weakened regenerative growth of forests, the poor health of animals,  Discomfort workers (weaken their health), and reduce their desire to engage in strenuous physical work which eventually will lower their productivity. In conclusion, tropical geography does pose problem on economic development.